Let me see if I understand your situation: you are currently unable to even shut down your database via proshut. What happens when you try? What do you see in the DB log?
But instead of trying to figure out whether you have database corruption, or how to fix this issue, you want to learn how to work around this by killing the database broker? If it were me I'd be on the phone to Progress TS immediately. You're paying for support (I assume), you might as well take advantage of it.
Yes, killing the broker will shut down the database, though I wouldn't do that. Before you do anything else, get the clients logged out (and keep them out) and back up the database. Then restore the backup somewhere else and open that DB to prove to yourself that it is usable. If you can take a quiet point (I don't know if they exist in 9.1E) then do that and you can take an OS copy of your DB files as well. I think you should start with the assumption that you have corruption, either in your DB or in your Progress installation, or both. Copy both of those backups off the box as well. Before you shut this DB down you may want to dump the schema and DB contents to flat files as well.
In answer to your question, crashing the database (e.g. by killing the broker or deleting the lock file) shouldn't corrupt the database. Progress crash recovery is pretty good. And rebooting the box won't corrupt the database, if you don't count the unlikely scenario that the reboot triggers an OS file system check which introduces file system corruption and possibly (further) database corruption. That's why it's a good idea to have copies of the DB somewhere other than this suspect machine.
I would suggest rebuilding this database, on a different server if at all possible, via ASCII dump and load. Having a DB that doesn't shut down is obviously not a healthy situation. And I cannot stress enough that you should involve Progress TS rather than trying to take this on yourself. If you're not on support you should probably talk to a reputable Progress DB consultant. Good luck.